CHESS
Chess is a two-player strategy board game played on a
chessboard, a checkered game board with 64 squares arranged in an
eight-by-eight grid. It is one of the world's most popular games, played by
millions of people worldwide in homes, parks, clubs, online, by correspondence,
and in tournaments.
Each player begins the game with 16 pieces: one king, one
queen, two rooks, two knights, two bishops, and eight pawns. Each of the six
piece types moves differently. Pieces are used to attack and capture the opponent's
pieces, with the objective to 'checkmate' the opponent's king by placing it
under an inescapable threat of capture. In addition to checkmate, the game can
be won by the voluntary resignation of the opponent, which typically occurs
when too much material is lost, or if checkmate appears unavoidable. A game may
also result in a draw in several ways, where neither player wins. The course of
the game is divided into three phases: opening, middle game, and endgame.
The first official World Chess Champion, Wilhelm Steinitz,
claimed his title in 1886; the current World Champion is Norwegian chess
Grandmaster Magnus Carlsen. In addition to the World Championship, there are
the Women's World Championship, the Junior World Championship, the World Senior
Championship, the Correspondence Chess World Championship, the World Computer
Chess Championship, and Blitz and Rapid World Championships. The Chess Olympiad
is a popular competition among teams from different nations. Online chess has
opened amateur and professional competition to a wide and varied group of
players. Chess is a recognized sport of the International Olympic Committee and
international chess competition is sanctioned by the World Chess Federation
(FIDE), which adopted the now-standard Staunton chess set in 1924 for use in
all official games. There are also many chess variants, with different rules,
different pieces, and different boards.
Since the second half of the 20th century, computers have
been programmed to play chess with increasing success, to the point where the
strongest home computers play chess at a higher level than the best human
players. In the past two decades computer analysis has contributed
significantly to chess theory, particularly in the endgame. The computer Deep
Blue was the first machine to overcome a reigning World Chess Champion in a
match when it defeated Garry Kasparov in 1997.